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''Before Homosexuality in the Arab‐Islamic World, 1500–1800'' is a 2005 book by Khaled El-Rouayheb, published by the University of Chicago Press. El-Rouayheb had written a PhD dissertation on the subject of homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic world, and this dissertation was supervised by Basim Musallam.〔Shefer-Mossensohn, p. 386.〕 El-Rouayheb revised the dissertation into this book. As of 2006 El-Rouayheb is a University of Cambridge postdoctoral fellow.〔Boisvert, Donald L. (Concordia University). "(Was Islam ever accepting?(Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800)(Book Review) )" ((Archive )). ''The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide'', March–April, 2006, Vol.13(2), p.43(2) (Reviewed Journal ). ISSN: 1532-1118. Source: Cengage Learning, Inc.〕 El-Rouayheb's thesis is that the male same sex desires expressed in the pre-modern Arab-Islamic world are not homosexuality in the modern, Western sense.〔Yip, p. 647.〕 Shusha Guppy of the ''Times Higher Education Supplement'' wrote that the book is "a more nuanced and limited study of "how homosexuality was perceived" in a particular period in the Arab parts of the Ottoman Empire before modernity", and therefore not a "Kinsey report" and not a general study.〔Guppy, Shusha. "(Veiled might of the harem.(American University Press)(Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800)(Book review) )" ((Archive only available to researchers and legal )). ''Times Higher Education Supplement'', June 9, 2006, Vol.0(1746), p.33(1). ISSN: 0049-3929. Source: Cengage Learning, Inc.〕 Donald L. Boisvert of Concordia University wrote that the work is one of the "few accessible studies of this sort".〔 The author uses ''adab'', biographical dictionaries, chronicles,〔 travel journals written by Ottomans and Europeans, legal interpretations of the Quran and sharia,〔Wozniak, p. 1475.〕 poetry, mystical treatises,〔 and religious interpretations of the Quran and sharia as sources.〔 This book, a monograph, has been translated into French and Slovenian. The French version was published in 2010 and the Slovenian version was published in 2012.〔"(Khaled El-Rouayheb )" ((Archive )). Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations. Retrieved on July 6, 2014. "His publications include the two monographs: ''Before Homosexuality in the Arabic-Islamic World, 1500-1800'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005), translated into French (2010) and Slovenian (2012), and()"〕 ==Contents== El-Rouayheb argues his thesis by stating that essentialist views of homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic world generally do not consider the contrast between the two roles in anal intercourse (''liwāt''): active and passive, the contrast between chaste desire (''‘ishq'') and sexual desire, and the contrast between anal intercourse and other kinds of sexual acts.〔 El-Rouayeb weighs the definitions of homosexuality and argues in favor of Michel Foucault's position that "homosexuality" is a construct of the conditions of the time period and against the "essentialist" view that homosexuality has always been present.〔 El-Rouayheb stated that the importation of European attitudes against homosexuality, which began in the 19th century, affected the view of homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic world.〔Eich, p. 226. "For example, the jurists viewed intercourse between men as a sin, but permitted homoerotic behaviour such as the composition of pederastic love poetry."〕 There are a total of 37 pages of footnotes in both English and Arabic.〔Bullough, Vern L. (State University of New York). "Before Homosexuality in the Arab‐Islamic World, 1500–1800 (Book Review)". ''The American Historical Review'', 2006, Vol.111(4), pp. 1286–1286 (Reviewed Journal ). ISSN: 00028762 ; E-ISSN: 19375239. - (DOI 10.1086/ahr.111.4.1286 )〕 The work includes English translations of Muslim jurists's legal opinions. El-Rouayheb included writings by Islamic intellectuals who focused on literature. Qur'anic commentators had documented interpretations that are present in this book. Writings by Islamic mystics and speculations written by theologians are also included.〔Andrews, p. 313.〕 Boisvert wrote that the book "does not suffer from the obscurantism and use of jargon that are so common in Ph.D. theses."〔 Yip concluded that "There is no doubt that El-Rouayheb has constructed a convincing case that the western-centric conception of homosexuality did not exist in the Arab-Islamic Middle East during the period under study."〔Yip, p. 648.〕 Boisvert argued that "Often he goes to what seem superhuman lengths to demonstrate that there’s absolutely nothing “homosexual” in any of this, nothing in all these men writing and singing about the wonders of beautiful young men, nothing in the many tales celebrating this bond of love."〔 Abraham Ibrahim of Monash University argued that the work experiences difficulty in defining what is meant by "homosexuality",〔Ibrahim, p. 481.〕 with a contributing factor being the requirement "to constantly handle contradictory evidence and analysis."〔Ibrahim, p. 482.〕 Therefore, the work "the author repeatedly runs into problems, contradictions, and controversies of which he seems to be unfortunately unaware" and "we are left with his interpretation of the term — which seems to be a publicly-identified amalgam of various tropes that catch the author’s eye, primarily sodomy and effeminacy."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Before Homosexuality in the Arab‐Islamic World, 1500–1800」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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